Pro-Sports

Okay, I promised to write about the Rockrats’ trip to Dairy Farm and here it is - a little late, but better than never…

I’m not really sure if it’s still open to climbing, or if it still exists (2003 was a long time ago, although I did go back subsequently in 2004).  As far as I know, it should be there, but I suppose you can ask at any one of the rock climbing gyms in Singapore to find out more. 

As for how to get there, here’s a map, courtesy of our Singaporean climber friend, Ken:

And his directions on how to get there (which I still have up until now - I never could part with my old junk and guess it comes in handy after all…):

1. Take BKE and exit at Dairy Farm Road.
2. When you see Dairy Farm Estate to your right, look out for a small broken tarmac road with a barrier denying entrance to the road (red star on Dairy Farm map).

You can park there but don’t obstruct traffic. Alternatively there should be parking a few meters down just before the road junction to Upper Bukit Timah Road.

Dairy Farm is an abandoned granite quarry that has been converted to a leisure park where Singaporeans can take their pets, go for walks and ride their bikes surrounded by greenery as opposed to the urban concrete jungle that fills up most of the island.  Dairy Farm contains natural and sport routes, although there have been a few accidents which put off a lot of climbers.  It might be wise to note that a lot of what I write here was true back in 2003-2004, but it’s been 4 years plus so a lot might have changed since.

What I liked most about Dairy Farm was climbing on granite.  A lot of granite routes are pretty slabby - just the kind of wall to turn on a slab climber like me.

So what does Dairy Farm look like?  Here are some pictures from our trip…

After you pass the barrier, there is a short walk to the entrance to the quarry as shown in the two pictures below.

Dairy Farm is basically like a big field surrounded by rock cliffs.  They have bolted and natural routes which you can read about on Rockclimbing.com, but I believe one of the more popular natural routes was called, “The Nose”.  There was an accident on “The Nose” which I heard about a few years back and I think the accident made a lot of climbers wary of climbing at Dairy Farm.

By the time we arrived, the Singaporean climbers were already warmed up with lots of climbing action going on.  Below is the first wall we visited - it’s a close up of the wall you see in the picture above.

We set up belay at another wall near a crack climb and a route called “Mermaid” which I was later to get acquainted with.  Here’s Simian boy with a canine friend.

Ken took the lead with a rather featureless, slabby route (check out the crack climb on the wall beside him - it’s a natural route so we couldn’t try it since none of us had natural pro)…

…while the rest of us watched with baited breath.

Then each of us took turns attempting this slabby route, with Holdbreaker leading the way (sort of looks like he broke off a feature from an already featureless face).

Then it was Lelek Le Grunt’s turn.

Meanwhile, Thin Man leads a second route.

He gets conned into stepping on the tree by sneaky Simian Boy who convinces him it’s not really cheating only to tell him he’s lost his flash after his foot connects with the tree.

Then I second it.

A Top-down view of the site we were climbing at:

My attempt on Mermaid:

I liked Mermaid because it was a route that required grace more than power.  It was tricky but possible and with each attempt, I got further.

Until I finally managed to clear the first part.

Thin Man tackled his first ever 6C route on top rope.  Only he and Fearless Leader had a chance to attempt this route.  Some climber was projecting this route because there was a piece of string threaded through the anchor that allowed us to put up a top rope without having to lead it.

Thin Man almost at the anchor.

Fearless Leader on belay and me taking a break before my final crack at Mermaid.

Moo Moo having a chat with Simian Boy’s canine friend.

I located an entry I wrote about our little excursion to Dairy Farm that I completely forgot all about. 

Dairy Farm is a beautiful glade surrounded by climbable rock formations. It feels like entering a portal into a different realm from the concrete jungle city of Singapore. At the wall that we climbed, I felt rather reminiscent of the Australian outback. It was so picturesque, I felt content to never leave. I wished we could have stayed there longer to climb more of the sites.

There were two routes I wanted to lead, but the fear gripped my heart and stopped me in my tracks. I wondered why because I was not afraid the night before. I thought that by now it would be easier to climb with reckless abandon because there was no longer anything to hold me back. Patric wanted to solo a scramble to set the rope for us, but I felt distinctly uncomfortable watching him scale higher and higher without the proper gear. I was not sure why I felt protective because a part of me felt that it should have been me up there, instead of him. In the end it was Kenneth who set up the rope – climbing the conventional way. Even then I could feel my breathing stop when I watched him at the crux.

My first climb was set up by some Caucasians. I thought they might have been from Australia because I heard them talking about an Australian Math syllabus. The accent wasn’t Australian, but content of the discussion felt distinctly so. They threaded my rope through the anchor so I wouldn’t have to lead. The funny thing about granite is that the holds are difficult to see from the ground and the climb looked much harder than it felt. I think I could have led the route, but unfortunately, I lacked the mental for it.

I followed David up another route to the left, stopped short of the crux and bailed. It was a nice climb, but no guts and no glory for me. Just as well because I later went back to it on top rope and found myself peeling off the crux countless times. In all, this wall felt like it was created for me. It was the kind of climbing I liked – like “1st July Special” at Whitewall – a lot of footwork to supplement the fingers so my arms never feel pumped.

Some very loud cries drew me down to watch the Thin Man work a 6C route. Sitting on that rock, I could feel the serene energy of the vale pervade my very essence. Each breath I took revitalized me as energy seeping into every last inch of my body. I closed my eyes, focusing my mind, tried to send some of this renewed power surging within me to the Thin Man. Don’t know if it helped, because I went back up after to have a crack at the “Mermaid”.

I liked the “Mermaid”. It’s challenging because it requires balance rather than power. All the moves are within my physical ability to achieve rather than some crank move beyond my muscle capacity.

The Rockrats at Dairy Farm.

Popularity: 58% [?]

When I was in University, it always felt as though everything we learned was so complicated.  Studying for exams was like trying to force clay through a fine sieve.  Now that I’m not longer in University, whenever I come across articles on subjects that I studied previously, everything seems so much clearer and easy to understand.  I almost wonder what it was I couldn’t make sense of when I was back in school.

Of course, if I had access to websites like the HeartLibrary explaining medical conditions in simple terms like heart block, I’m sure studying wouldn’t have seemed as complicated.  The HeartLibrary explains various heart-related conditions using a series of videos featuring health professionals with animated diagrams. 

Aside from its educational purposes, the HeartLibrary is great for people suffering from these medical conditions who want more information on their heart condition and to hear from other patients who also have similar conditions.  I think that one of the most difficult things about being ill is not knowing what is going to happen next and sometimes being able to share a little of the experience of someone who has been through it before you can really make a world of difference.  I feel that the videos from the patients is what really distinguishes the HeartLibrary from most other websites that just give you the facts and details of your heart condition.

If you know someone who could use this information, I recommend that you refer them to this link: HeartLibrary.

Popularity: 17% [?]

If you want to see what KLSMC looks like on the inside, here’s a snapshot I took of the waiting room:

Gavin’s in the foreground because I didn’t want to look like I was trying to take a picture of their waiting room.  What you see here is probably just a quarter of the reception area so you can imagine how big the place is.  The photo probably doesn’t do the place justice since it came from my phone.  It’s a pretty swish waiting room and it sure beats the crummy waiting rooms you see in the government hospitals and even in some private clinics. 

In most cases, you probably don’t want to be there any longer than you have to because the place creeps you out and if it weren’t for the doctor, wild horses wouldn’t bring you anywhere near it. Well, KLSMC is a lot more presentable and definitely a more pleasant environment to be in if you had to wait somewhere.  Probably about the only thing they could do with is a TV and some more updated magazines.  I mean 2004?  What could possibly be still relevant from a magazine that old?

I think they’ve done a pretty good job with the comforts in the waiting area, but I still think they ought to take a leaf out of the book of this dentist I know.  Since we have to pay that much to see them, the least they can do is go the extra mile to make us feel at home. 

That dentist I just mentioned never keeps magazines in his waiting room that are older than three months.  He also offers tea, coffee, juice and water facilities.  He plays a TV in the background and you can select from a series of children’s VCDs (yeah, it was a long time ago when I went to visit him) to put on if you so desire.  There’s also a really neat children’s play area and they upkeep it really well.  It doesn’t look like the bug-infested petri-dish you see in some places - the kind that no sane parent in their right mind would let their child anywhere near.

Of course, he charges an arm and a leg for his services, but at least he knows how to treat his patients well.  You pay for it but you know exactly what you’re getting for your money.  Sadly, I never got that feeling with KLSMC.

In fact, when I did the exercises they asked me to do, I could have sworn my ankle felt worse.  A few days after I stopped, it felt a bit better.  Of course, it’s hard to say whether my ankle would feel better if I persisted with the exercises, but I didn’t persist.  I decided to go with an ankle brace instead - to use only when I know I’m going to engage in an activity that’s going to make it hurt again, like when I’m rocking Gavin to sleep.

Aside from that, I might try to start Yoga and Pilates from home again - that is, if my son lets me…

Popularity: 25% [?]

So I went back to KLSMC to see the physiotherapist today.  Sadly, I feel like the whole experience was a money making exercise for KLSMC because it felt like they were trying to schedule me for physio sessions I didn’t really need.

When I arrived, my physio was surprised to see I was walking so well for someone whom she believed had an ankle problem.  I quickly explained to her that I was getting intermittent pain from my left ankle and was present to learn muscle building exercises from her that would help strengthen the support to my weakened ankle joint.

She palpated and tested the movement of my ankle and could not illicit any pain, except for a vague sensation.  Ironically, the pain returned when I was following her to the gym barefoot and carrying Gavin.  It seemed clear then that my ankle pain was caused by weight bearing. 

Based on my symptoms and explanations, she prescribed me some exercises and wanted to schedule several physio appointments for me.  Alarmed, I asked if they were really necessary.  Couldn’t I just do the exercises at home?  She told me that some of the exercises required the use of their “special equipment” from the gym so it would be necessary for me to return.

At about that time, I heard Gavin crying from the waiting room and my SIL brought him in to see me.  I pointed out the reason why it would be inconvenient for me to return on a regular basis to rehabilitate an ankle that wasn’t in any critical condition.  She tried to persist with the need for the physio sessions but gave up after Gavin made a nuissance of himself by insisting on sitting on my lap and being carried by me.  A couple of times his curiousity for the equipment made it impossible for me to even do the exercises for fear of clamping his hands and feet.

In the end, she was forced to suggest some alternative exercises that I could carry out on my own and left me with the suggestion to return if I could.

Honestly though, my ankle hurts occasionally and there has been no injury to it so I fail to see how a few sessions of physio will make a difference.  I understand the need for exercises to strengthen the muscles supporting the joint and exercises that train my joint’s proprioception for balance, but surely with a little creativity we could find a way to replicate the movements achieved by the gym equipment they have.  At RM100 per session, I can imagine that there would be a number of people who live quite happily with my symptoms without any rehabilitation at all.

The exercises I was given involved the use of a Pilates stretch band to apply resistance to my foot as I moved it to and fro, left and right.  To train proprioception, she suggested walking on uneven surfaces.  She also suggested I make sure I wear well-supported shoes when I know I will be walking for long periods (thanks for the suggestion but I already do that). 

Personally, I was planning to start up my pilates and yoga home exercises again. 

While I was waiting for the physio to tend to me, I couldn’t help overhearing the conversation between another physio and the patient next to me that went something along the lines of:

Physio: Well, I guess with this injury you won’t be able to climb for a while
Patient: That’s okay, I’ll just climb with one leg

How typical of a rock climber to come up with an answer like that.  I remember the days when the Rockrats would come up with answers like that.  Where there is a will, there is a way and if a climber really wanted to climb, wild horses wouldn’t keep him or her away from the crag.  You really gotta love that climber spirit…

The physio then went into the benefits that rock climbing had for another patient of hers with a toe injury.  Because climbing requires you to stand on your toes, it helped to strengthen that patient’s toes and was beneficial to the healing process for that patient.

It made me think of my old knee pains that I had before I started rock climbing and how they disappeared during my active phase of climbing.  I also never had ankle problems when I was climbing.  I guess climbing helped me to train the muscles supporting my knees and ankles which kept my old injuries at bay.

Looks like rock climbing has additional benefits - it helps in the rehabilitation of certain knee, ankle and toe problems.  Please note that I said “certain” problems.  It would still be advisable for you to check with your doctor before you self-prescribe rock climbing as part of your injury treatment plan.  And if you insist on climbing without a doctor’s opinion, then you do so at your own peril.  Don’t say I didn’t warn you.

Popularity: 24% [?]

Over the last couple of weeks, I have developed a persistent pain in my left ankle that doesn’t seem to be resolving on its own.  I strongly suspect it has a lot to do with an old injury and the fact that I have been doing too much pacing around the room with a 12kg weight (read: Gavin).  My ankle pains occur whenever I get out of bed (probably due to the cold from the air-conditioning or the lack of use, or both), or whenever I’ve been pacing around the room for a period of time.

The reason I suspect it could be a flare up of an old injury is because the pain usually goes away on its own, especially if I let it rest.  Plus, I don’t get the problem whenever I wear well-supported shoes to go out (sneakers or my Merrell High-Tops).  It’s sort of gotten to the point where I never wear heels any more and I only wear slippers if I’m not planning to do much walking or if I’m heading to a friend’s house.

I wanted to get it checked out by my orthopedic, Dr Gan, from Damansara Specialist Hospital but the next available appointment with him was in June.  The hubby suggested I try KLSMC which is a sports medicine center located in Damansara Heights near the Help Institute.  A quick look at their website revealed that they had a specialist, Dr Low, dealing with foot and ankle injuries, so I called up to make an appointment.

Turns out Dr Low’s appointment book was rather easy to get on and I made an appointment to see him - which was yesterday.  KLSMC is a rather classy joint with plush leather seats, a large tropical aquarium and warm, wooden floorboards.  Clean and spacious, I could tell that the bill wasn’t going to be light the moment I walked into reception.  Well, I didn’t mind paying as long as I didn’t have to wait endlessly like I did whenever I had an appointment to see a doctor anywhere else.  Unfortunately, such was not the case even with KLSMC.  Firstly, Dr Low was 25 minutes late and I didn’t get to see him until nearly an hour later.

I honestly don’t understand what it is with doctors and tardiness.  Is it just doctors or is it because they’re Malaysians?  One of my biggest gripes about visiting a doctor is the senseless waste of waiting time.  That gripe has only gotten larger now that I have a fussy toddler in tow.  It has also prompted me to do more self-diagnosing and make less visits to the doctor.

But I digress…  Dr Low took a look at my ankle and made an observation about my Merrell High-Tops.  I guess he assumed from my Merrells that I was still actively hiking.  I explained that the support they gave made my ankle a lot more comfortable. 

According to Dr Low, my ankle joints were loose - no doubt due to my past injuries and poor rehabilitation (well, I could have told him that - actually, I did!) - which, now that I was older, was starting to get problematic.  The only way to fix the problem was to do strengthening exercises so that the muscles can help support the weakened ankle (again, something I pretty much figured out on my own). 

Dr Low glanced at my Merrells and said, “We’ll help you rehabilitate your ankle, I’m sure you don’t want to be stuck wearing those forever.”  I remembered thinking to myself, “Excuse me, but I LIKE my Merrells and I LOVE wearing them!”  I mean, looking at the sort of clothes I was wearing (t-shirt and cargo pants), the kind of bag I carry (I had a High Sierra Lumbar Hydration Pack), why on Earth would he think I minded wearing Merrell High-Tops on a regular basis?

Anyway, in short, my problem was: old age.  Funny how we take all these things for granted in our youth - fall down, let the body heal itself and worry about the consequences when we’re older.  Rehab?  Who needs that?  Well, if I had rehabilitated my ankle when I first injured it, my ligaments might have tightened up sufficiently to provide my ankle the support it required.  So, the next time you get an injury, don’t write it off on the powers of your youth - rehab, rehab, rehab!  You’ll thank me in your old age.

Dr Low recommended taking an x-ray film to check that there was no underlying pathology.  This was the main reason why I went to see him - to make sure that there wasn’t some hairline fracture that I wasn’t aware of.  By the time I got back from the x-ray department, the wait to see Dr Low again for the review was so long, I decided to leave - it was going to be another hour before I could get in to see the doctor and it was almost peak-hour.  I was scheduled for physio so I had to go back anyway.  So I’m due back to see the physio in the morning - I assume to get some exercises for my ankle.

The nurse was talking about me having several sessions of physio which I thought was rather extreme for my case.  I guess that’s what you get for attending a posh place like KLSMC.  They need to find ways to charge you… 

When I first went to see Dr Gan all those years back about my knee pains, he taught me the exercises himself and gave me instructions to follow.  I didn’t even need to go back to see him again unless the pain didn’t ease up.

The consult plus the x-ray cost me RM190 - a tad on the high side, but I guess not excessively so since I expected to pay about RM100+ for the consult anyway.

Personally, I think what I need to help resolve my problem is to get a pair of supportive shoes to wear indoors whenever I’m carrying Gavin to rock him to sleep.  I’m sure starting up my Yoga exercises will also help to strengthen my ankles.  But since I already broght the problem up to the doctor, I guess I might as well see what he has to say.  I’ll tell you all about the exercises I need to do after my appointment with the physio.

Popularity: 23% [?]

Although I haven’t been able to resume my home-DVD workouts, I think I’m doing a fairly decent job maintaining my fitness.  Or at least, Gavin is doing a pretty good job as my personal trainer.  Recently, he’s decided that he doesn’t want to be in a carrier and he’s idea of winding down before sleep is to dance (or rather Mummy dance while carrying him). 

Aside from the cardio workout, Gavin’s wind-down routine has also been building my biceps and my forearms.  Carrying Gavin and pacing up and down the room while he nurses generates a pump in the forearms to rival rock climbing several routes climbed in succession.  Especially when Gavin is just minutes away from knocking off, the last thing I want to do is shift his position in my arms and risk rousing him.

After observing one of our wind-down sessions, the hubby remarked that he knew why I lost my pregnancy weight so quickly.  Indeed, who needs to workout when they have a personal trainer who cracks an even harder whip?  Of course I have to credit the stomach bug that I picked up for a couple of the kilos that I lost - not that I’m recommending getting a stomach bug to help shed unwanted post-partum kilos.

The hubby once told me he had a teacher who had three kids and, despite her petite frame, she could take on and win an arm wrestling match with the toughest boy in the school.  I guess her three kids must have given her one heck of a weight training workout!  It sort of makes me wonder how well I could climb if I were to walk back into a rock climbing gym now…

The other exercise that I really recommend doing with your baby is swimming.  Well, you won’t really be swimming but all that movement through water is a great workout.  The best part is, you don’t even notice it because you’re having so much fun with you baby!  Or rather, you’ll notice it after you get out of the pool and your muscles start to burn from lactic acid build up.  After swim sessions with Gavin, I’m usually as sleepy as he is and when we both wake up from our after swim “nap”, my arms and legs will be aching.  Even picking Gavin up and climbing the stairs is a challenge after a “swim”.

Popularity: 21% [?]

Why rock climbing is a great sport to teach your child

Recently, I bought a couple of books to read to my son at bedtime as a means of teaching him virtues in life that I would like him to abide by in his life as he grows older.  Then, today, I noticed Gavin attempting to scramble up the back of a seat and it made me think of taking him rock climbing and of the virtues he could learn through rock climbing.

Some of the virtues that rock climbing teaches:

1. Trust - you have to trust your belayer or you won’t be able to climb.

2. Understanding - when you climb with someone for some time, you develop an unspoken understanding.

3. Patience - waiting for your climber to finish climbing, waiting for your turn to climb, waiting until you develop the skill and the strength to complete that project route.

4. Gratitude - when you have to belay someone for a really long time, you start to appreciate the way your belayer patiently belayed you when you were working through a crux.

5. Tenacity - if you don’t persevere and train hard, you will never be able to climb the more challenging routes.

Popularity: 23% [?]

Here are more photos from the archives of the Rockrats.  These are from our first trip down to Singapore to climb, which I believe was in August, 2003.  I remember because we went down in 3 cars and someone had this wise idea of sticking Merdeka flags to our cars.  The glue wasn’t very strong, so the flags were gone by the time we arrived in Singapore.

We planned the trip after meeting a bunch of Singaporean climbers who came up to Damai to climb one weekend.  They invited us down to climb in Singapore giving us details of two places that they frequent - Safra Yishun, which is an outdoor artificial wall, and Dairy Farm, which is a natural granite quarry turned recreational park.

I’ll post the photos from Dairy Farm in another post.  Below are the ones from Safra Yishun…

There are two sections to the place - a boulder wall and a vertical climbing wall.  You can see why the Singaporean climbers are all so strong - every single wall has an incline of some sort.

Here’s a view of the vertical wall with the boulder wall in the background.  It’s a shot from the beginner’s side with the power routes on the back.  You’ll notice that even the so-called “easy” routes have inclined sections. 

Here’s a shot of the power routes:

Jugs or no jugs, these walls are still a challenge to climb - especially when you’re a slab climber like me…

Here is Fearless Leader seconding for a change:

And 5C Master on the not-so-5C route:

This shot was taken after my very painful climb to the top of the overhang.  I gotta thank Ken setting up the top rope and for hauling my behind up the rest of the way…

How to get to Safra Yishun from Woodlands Checkpoint (thanks Ken for the directions):

1. Take SLE and exit at Yishun (exit 3)
2. Turn left into Lentor Avenue
3. At the next traffic junction turn right into Yiahun Avenue 1
4. Take the next left turn, into Yishun Avenue 4
5. Continue until you see SAFRA Yishun. Turn right into carpark (marked with red star on attached map).
6. After parking, proceed to main reception on ground floor (near the huge staircase).
7. Pay S$10 climbing fee
8. Walk up the stairs and across the suspension bridge to the climbing walls.
9. Present receipt at office.

Popularity: 38% [?]

If you’re a full-time mother who just can’t find the time to squeeze in a conventional workout into your week, here are some Mummy moves that might help keep you in shape. 

As always, please check with your doctor before engaging in any new fitness programs.

6 Mummy Moves to Keep You in Shape

1. The Scoop

Whenever your toddler looks like he’s headed for trouble and you don’t have time to intervene “nicely”, e.g. when he looks like he’s about to stick a metal object into the power point or running out onto the road, you swoop in and “scoop” him up into your arms.

Targets: arms, back, legs (if you have to run to get to your toddler), cardio (if the running doesn’t do it, the scare of your toddler nearing hurting himself will definitely get the heart going).

2. The Rock

When your toddler won’t fall asleep by himself, it calls for extra intervention.  Either cradle him in your arms or wear him in a sling, then rock him to sleep.

Targets: arms (if you’re cradling), shoulders (if you’re using a sling), back, legs and heart (if you’re pacing up and down the room).

3. The Carry

When you’re shopping and your toddler is too tired to walk and refuses to sit in a pram, you can do a modified “Rock” and either carry him in your arms or in a sling and continue shopping.

Targets: arms (if you’re opting for the carry), shoulders (if you’re using a sling), back, legs.

4. The Chase

When you’re shopping and your toddler decides he has his own shopping agenda and a different direction to walk, run after him before he bumps into someone.

Targets: legs, cardio.

5. The Swing

When your toddler is bored at home and wants a fun and exciting game, pick him up and swing him in your arms.  This is guaranteed to give him the ride of his life (who needs theme parks and rollercoasters when you have Mummy Power?) and give you a workout to remember.

Targets: arms, back, shoulders, cardio, legs (if you decide to add a horizontal vector to the swing).

6. Baby Aquarobics

When your toddler goes swimming and refuses to wear the floaties, you can help him “swim” around the pool with a bit of leg work under water.

Targets: legs, cardio.

Popularity: 21% [?]

Now that I am no longer climbing as actively as before, or even doing any active recreational sports for that matter, I haven’t been wearing my contact lenses as much, except for the odd vanity affair.  With a prescription power of -5.5 and -5.75, you could say I’m pretty much “blind” without my glasses.  Since my son starting taking an unwavering interest in my glasses, the need to keep a spare set has never been more critical than it has been now. 

The reason I had procrastinated in getting a spare set was because of the cost involved in purchasing another pair.  Especially since it is intended to be a backup, I’m sure you can understand my hesitation to fork out a couple hundred dollars just to pay for something I would only really use in the event that my son destroys my current pair of glasses.

Imagine my delight when I discovered I could purchase $ 8 Zenni Optical Rx Eyeglasses online!  With their anti-scratch coating, UV protection and full guarantee, it was really an offer too hard to pass up on.  They also have thin and light index lenses which is great for coke-bottle-glass-wearers like me.  One of the reasons I’ve always hated about wearing glasses is because of the thickness of my lenses.

Zenni Optical also offers a great range of frames so I can choose a new look if I like.  In fact, for the prices that they are offering, I can even afford to get a pair of prescription sunnies if I wanted.  At this price, I can afford to get several pairs of spare glasses to keep in the car and around the house.  Now I’ll never have to worry about going “blind”.

Popularity: 18% [?]